Presentation Videos

Running Straight Forward

Squatting

Change of Direction

Week 9 Progress

This week all the materials have been obtained, and testing has begun. The models of the knee will demonstrate motions the knee can and cannot perform, and while demonstrating these motions the group will mention real world reasons why and how the knee may move in such a manor.

There will be three main tests performed:
-Flexibility
-Comfort
-Agility and Range of Motion

The flexibility test will measure the knees maximum angle when bent both with and without the brace. This test will assure the knee brace does not compromise the knees range of motion in moves that do not risk a tear of the ACL.

The comfort test is self explanatory, one of the members of the group will wear the knee brace and simply walk around testing how comfortable and mobile the brace is.

The agility and range of motion test will be performed out on Buckley field. One group member will wear the brace and perform simple athletic tests including sprints, change of direction, and other sports related movements.

The final presentation will be put together once the tests have been completed.

Week 8 Progress

This week, all purchases will be completed, and this weekend construction and development will begin. The group's plan is to design and construct the knee brace this week, using designs and ideas thought up in weeks prior. Once the braces arrive, the testing and manipulating of the ACL will commence, and the final report will be updated once data is achieved.

Week 7 Progess

This week the final budget has been approved. Group Four has been allocated $120 dollars from the Engineering Department in order to purchase the required materials to complete testing. Now that the budget has been established, the group is capable of purchasing the materials necessary, including two life sized knee models, two knee braces, and styrofoam in order to adjust the size and realistic qualities of the knee models. The styrofoam will represent the muscle and tissue surrounding the knee bones along with the ACL and PCL modeled in the anatomically correct knee joints purchased.

The groups next step after all the required purchases arrive, is to design and construct the knee brace around the model, and begin testing. Testing will require putting the model through various movements and excersizes that are typical motions an athlete would go through when tearing their ACL.

Week 6 Progress

This week our budget was sent for approval to a board of Professors. If the full budget is approved, we will finally be able to purchase the appropriate materials to complete our design project. The group has also begun to construct the draft for the final report. Sections have been designated to members, and there will be another group meeting before the due date in order to go over format and make sure the report meets all necessary qualifications.

Finally, a preliminary test will be done to figure out how well the ballistics gel melts and reforms using the materials we have. We want to make sure the synthetic ACL we build will perform as close to an actual ACL as possible. Tests this week will help the group to figure out the best way to approach making such an ACL.

Proposal (Not Edited)

ENGR 103 - Spring 2013 Freshman Engineering Design Lab

“ACL Prevention” Project Design Proposal 

Date Submitted: April 09, 2013

Submitted to: Group Members:

Dr. Sorin Siegler, ssiegler@coe.drexel.edu 
Danielle Fernandez, ddf33@drexel.edu
 Amanda Tilles, alt75@drexel.edu
Padma Shenoy, pas98@drexel.edu
Steve Enriquez, see36@drexel.edu

Abstract:

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is a ligament in the human knee with prevents the sliding of the joint forward or backward. When it tears, due to excessive stress in the wrong directions, stability is lost in the knee and reconstructive surgery is required to restore it. The goal of this project is to construct a knee brace that will assist an athlete who would like to prevent further damage or damage in general to their ACL. In the end, a prototype knee brace will be created that can provide greater support for the ACL and greater flexibility to the joint than the original knee brace. Challenges encountered will include the need to constantly identify improvements required for each prototype, and the redesign process. The deliverables include the final design for the new, improved knee brace, all of the prototypes, physical and virtual, tested throughout the design process, and the test results for each. The final knee brace should allow the athlete maximum support and flexibility.

ENGR-103 Freshman Design Proposal Section 093, Group 04

1 Introduction
The common injury of an ACL tear is one that affects countless athletes in almost every sport. Unfortunately while common, this injury can ruin an athlete's career. Recovering fully from an ACL tear could take 8 months to a year to recover, meaning an athlete could be "benched" or "red-shirted" for this time. And while a year may not seem like much time, to an athlete, especially one injured and watching from the sidelines, one year is an eternity.
This mission of this project is to design and manufacture a prototype for a new ACL brace that would help athletes prevent a career ending or limiting injury to the ACL: a brace that they could wear that would be equally supportive and mobile.
The anterior cruciate ligament, or the ACL is one of the four major knee ligaments. This ligament connects the tibia and femur, and prevents the tibia, or the shin bone from sliding forward and rotating the femur, or thigh bone. It is a very crucial ligament for the stability of the knee joint. A sudden change in direction is the most common cause of a torn ACL. Immediately after the ACL is torn, the knee will swell, and the athlete will feel a sharp pain in their knee. Most likely when the injury occurs, the athlete will hear a sudden "pop" as the ACL tears. To recover functionality of the ligament, reconstructive surgery is required to sew the ligament back together. After recovery, the athlete may be able to return to his or her sport. Our brace will help to prevent such an injury from occurring or becoming worse. It will be flexible, allowing the athlete to move naturally, but it will also provide support and stability, so as not to damage the ligament.


2 Deliverables
At the conclusion of this project, the final deliverable will be a newly designed knee brace that will optimize support and flexibility. This brace will be a finished product that can actually be worn by an athlete who is recovering from ACL reconstruction surgery. In addition previous prototypes of the design will be provided, with the weaknesses and shortcomings identified on each. Some of the prototypes will be built physically, while others, which are in intermediate steps will be shown as computer models. Finally, a comprehensive report will be included, which documents the progress of the project through each week along with results from the tests performed on each prototype.

3 Technical Activities
3.1 Testing of Current Knee Brace
A generic ACL recovery knee brace will be tested in terms of support and flexibility, the two criteria that are the focus of this project. It will be tested for support by placing it on an apparatus and measuring the load it can take before it breaks, and it will be tested for flexibility by measuring the maximum angle of flexion. The brace will be analyzed so that the points that need to be improved can be identified.

3.2 New Knee Brace Design
This portion of the process will take the longest as it involves a lot of trial and error testing. The design errors identified in the general knee brace will be taken into account to produce new designs that address these shortcomings. These will then be printed and incorporated into a newly built brace. Each brace will be tested again, and improvements will be made to modify the any other problems that are identified.

3.3 New Design Testing
The new designs will be tested the same way that the original brace is tested: weighted to the point of breaking, to test the ability to support, and the angle measured, to test the flexibility. All braces will also be tested using a simulated ACL, using ballistics gel. This will show how the ACL is stressed with each brace, so that minimum strain will be placed on the ligament. The goal of using the ballistics gel is to be certain that although the knee brace is strong and flexible, it is still not further damaging the ACL.

Table 1: Project timeline for knee brace design process.

For the next 10 weeks the group will be constructing a model of an ACL recovery knee brace that will help with one’s disability, that is caused by injury. For the beginning of the term the most important focus for the group is to come up with a plan of how to develop a model of the actual recovery brace. With the use of AutoCAD and Creo Parametrics it will be possible to create a 3D model which will allow for further modifications and give the group a foundation for the making of the product. Weeks 4 to 6 will be crucial, this is the time the group will be gathering the necessary materials needed to construct the final model. These materials include ballistic gel, PVC pipes, electronic servos (possibly), and a cheap functioning knee brace. Towards the end of the term, the group should start testing the final product and make sure no further modifications will be made. A final report will be written to describe the purpose of the invention and this will conclude the project.


5 Facilities and Resources
Resources that will be used during the course of this project are computer-aided drafting systems such as AutoCAD and Creo, to design each prototype and print out the required pieces from the 3-D printer. In the freshman engineering lab, the 3-D printer will be used to print required parts of the new knee brace so that it can be tested again, in the engineering labs. The machine shop will need to be used to create and assemble some parts of the brace.
To test the brace, a simulation leg will be used to test the flexibility, and it will be measured with poster board, on which the angle will be drawn out. Also, to test the support, the brace will be placed on an apparatus that mimics a human leg, which is another resource that is needed, and will be weighted with textbooks or weights, to the point of failure.

6 Expertise
Some specialized skills that are needed in order to complete the project include knowledge of knees and the ligaments that compose them, knowledge of current knee braces that are available, the timeline of the recovery, and the use of CREO. Knowledge of knees is imperative because the group needs to make sure that the knee is still being protected by the brace while allowing for the greatest range of motion and comfort. Since the group will be modifying a current ACL recovery knee brace, knowledge about the specific knee brace is important in order to know what parts of the brace should be modified and which parts cannot be changed. The timeline of the recovery is also important to the project because the group needs to understand how strong the repaired ACL is at a given point in time and how long after the surgery it is appropriate to go back to sports with the brace accompaniment. The group will use CREO in order to print out parts in order to construct the mechanical knee and make modifications to the knee brace.

7.1 Knee Brace
A knee brace is needed in order to make modifications in order to improve the current model of the ACL recovery knee brace.
7.2 Ballistics Gel
The ballistic gel simulates the behavior of human tissue and ligaments so it will be used in order to monitor the range of motion of a mechanical leg in order to make sure that no more injuries to the ACL would occur.
7.3 Hinge Hardware
These are the pieces necessary for the construction of the knee in order for it to move like a human knee. These pieces include metal hinges, nuts, bolts, and screws.
7.4 PVC Pipe
The PVC pipe will be used in order to construct the mechanical knee in order to test the effectiveness of the brace in order to make sure that the ACL is efficiently protected while allowing for the most range of motion and comfort.
7.5 Mold
The mold will be used in order to get the correct shape of the ballistic gel for the ACL ligament in the mechanical leg.
7.6 Poster Board
The poster board will be used in order to measure the range of motion that the knee is allowed with and without the knee brace and also between the current knee brace and the modified version.

5 

Week 5 Progress

This week the group estimated how much money would be required to carry out this project. The money will be used for the purchasing of different types of knee braces, the ballistics gel required to model the ACL, the crock pot necessary to melt down the ballistics gel, and any other materials required to complete the project. Below is the group's predicted budget required to complete the project:

GROUP 4
Main Knee Brace	$113.00
Ballistics Gel	$16.97
Fabric (Knee Sleeve)	$20.40
Electric Cooker	$23.00
Knee Straps (3)	$53.78
Mold for ACL	$32.45
TOTAL	$259.60

The group will also collect from Dr. Siegler a anatomically correct model of a knee, along with a knee brace, This model will be our testing site, as we will place our own ACL model inside this knee, place our designed brace on the knee, and put the model through a series of tests simulating running, changing direction, and other sports related movements.

Week 4 Progress

This week we began brainstorming models for our preventative brace. We are focusing on young athletes who are looking to prevent the tear of their ACL. Here are two primary designs:

This week we have also been asked to come up with an estimated price rang for our project, in order to possibly extend the project budget. Our group has come up with a preliminary idea of purchasing different levels of braces, and taken certain parts of each brace to construct our own. 

Week 3 Progress

This week, the group came up with a basic idea of the design for the preventative knee brace. The brace will be worn by all athletes willing, in order to prevent tearing of the ACL. It will be light, comfortable, and mobile enough to allow the athlete normal motion. However, this brace will prevent the pivoting and twisting of the kneecap, in order to prevent and ACL tear. It will be small, cheap, and incorporate aspects of many different braces already on the market.

Also, the ballistics gel came in, and we will begin molding the gel in order to replicate an ACL. We have also discussed with Professor Siegler in order to schedule and use the BioMechanics lab to test the synthetic ACL we will mold with ballistics gel. We will also design the brace in Creo or AutoCad, and use the 3D printer to test our design. 

Current Available Braces

Varying Levels of Support    http://www.betterbraces.com/acl-brace-for-knee-stability

Currently, there are various types of knee braces, specifically for the tear of an athlete's ACL, that vary in levels of support. A majority of them are made from lightweight materials, and offer support designed for specific sports.

• Every day And Low Impact Sports Knee Braces - An every day or low impact sports knee braces are comfortable, and support weak knees during everyday activities and low impact sports. They are designed for helping athletes recover after surgery, and help to prevent further injury to the knee. 


• Intermediate Level Knee Braces –  The knee brace pictured below is an intermediate level knee brace, which helps prevent injury to the knee for athletes who participate in moderate activity. They help prevent pivot motion, and are good for recovery from torn meniscus or arthritis. They are also beneficial to athletes returning to their moderate activity after ACL reconstruction. 

• Lightweight Support For Non-Contact Sports –  This brace is design for athletes who participate in non-contact sports. This brace is constructed with aircraft grade aluminum, and are ideal for those who need low-profile support. More commonly used for athletes with mild ACL/LCL/MCL instability or partial tear. It helps to prevent further damage in non-contact sports. 

• Sturdy, Low Profile Knee Braces Suitable For Contact Sports –  These sturdy, low profile knee braces are suitable for contact sports, and are molded to fit individuals knees. This kind of brace also offers extra features that are suitable for skiing. Covered hinges prevent snagging, and keep clothing from being torn during contact sports. 

• Custom, Technologically Superior Knee Braces For High Impact Sports And Water Sports – This custom-made superior knee brace for high impact sports and water sports is the ultimate in knee protection. This brace prevents moderate to severe knee conditions from becoming debilitating issues in the athlete's future. It is lightweight, and 100% customizable. For a torn ACL, this brace requires fitting from a medical professional. 

Week 2 Progress

Monday of week 2, the group decided on not only building a prototype of an enhanced ACL brace for post corrective surgery, but  also either construct or test Drexel's mechanical leg which would include a simulated ACL made out of ballistics gel which acts exactly like tissue and ligaments of the human body when put under stress. The materials have been purchased, and construction and testing will hopefully begin week 3. The proposal has been finished, and questions regarding the testing and construction process will be addressed in class tomorrow.

During lab, the group decided to change it's purpose. Instead of adjusting the current available braces in order to better the recovery process, the new purpose is to develop a a universal brace for athletes to wear in order to prevent the tear of an athletes ACL. In order to create an effective brace, we are going to focus on the prevention of the injury for soccer players specifically.

Websites/Links Involved in Presentation:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpIOMuqXWrE

          How the ACL tears:
 http://www.mendmyknee.com/knee-and-patella-injuries/anterior-cruciate-ligament.php

          General Information on the ACL tear:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury

            Information on Ballistic Gel:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_gelatin#Uses

                                            http://www.medicinenet.com/torn_acl/article.htm

Biographies

Padma Shenoy-

Padma is a freshman at Drexel University, majoring in general engineering and a student in the BS/MD program. Padma is from Harrisburg, Pa, and chose Drexel because of her love for Philadelphia and the opportunities available in the BS/MD program. When it comes to sports, Padma's favorite is track, more specifically running hurtles.

email address: pas98@drexel.edu




Amanda Tilles-

Amanda is a freshman at Drexel University, also majoring in general engineering. Amanda is from Princeton, NJ and chose Drexel for a change of environment, the tennis team, and of course the co-op experience. When it comes to sports, Amanda currently plays on Drexel 's Varsity women's tennis team.

email address: alt75@drexel.edu





Danielle Fernandez-

Danielle (Dani) is also a freshman at Drexel University, majoring in chemical engineering. Danielle is from Toms River, NJ and chose Drexel for the unique co-op experience. When it comes to sports, in high school Dani participated in soccer, cross country, winter track, and lacrosse, and now in college plays on Drexel's club track, lacrosse, and SOCCER teams.


email address: ddf33@drexel.edu

Steve Enriquez-

Steve is a freshman at Drexel University, majoring in civil engineering. Steve is from Egg Harbor Township in New Jersey, and also chose Drexel for the unique co-op experience. When it comes to
sports, Steve participated in his high school's varsity crew team.


email address: see35@drexel.edu



Sorin Siegler, Ph.D.-

Dr. Siegler is a professor at Drexel University and works in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics. Dr. Siegler has an bachelors of science degree in aeronautical engineering from Israel Institute of Technology, a degree in biomedical engineering from Texas A&M University, and a Ph.D in biomedical engineering from Drexel University. His research involves, orthopedic biomechanics, human motion analysis and applied dynamics.

email address: sseigler@coe.drexel.edu

Week 1 Progress

Week 1 was used specifically to brainstorm the groups purpose and problem, and how to approach said problem. Group 4 decided to focus on an athletes ACL, or the anterior cruciate ligament. More specifically, the recovery process after an athlete tears their ACL. After discussion and a general consensus, it was decided that the groups main goal is to design a knee brace for athletes to use after  corrective surgery and rehab, which will provide enhanced support and flexibility once the athlete has been cleared to play their sport again. 

http://www.rittersp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/women-acl.jpg

The proposal has been drafted, and the group will continue to brainstorm methods to approach this problem, and begin research for materials needed, and a deeper understanding of how the knee and ACL function and rehabilitate once corrective surgery has been done. 

Mission Statement

The common injury of an ACL tear
is one that affects countless athletes
in almost every sport. Unfortunately while common, this injury can ruin an athletes career. Recovering fully from an ACL tear could take 8 months to a year to recover, meaning an athlete could be "benched" or "red-shirted" for this time. And while a year may not seem like much time, to an athlete, especially one injured and watching from the sidelines, one year is an eternity.

This groups mission is to design and manufacture a prototype for a new ACL brace that would help prevent athletes from tearing their ACL in sports. A brace they could wear that would be equally supportive and mobile, and comfortable enough for athletes to be willing to wear this brace for all athletic activities          


http://www.braceshop.com/ProductCart/pc/catalog/images_donjoy/dynamicbrace.jpg
How the ACL tear happens:
The anterior cruciate ligament, or the ACL is one of the four major knee ligaments. This ligament connects the tibia and femur, and prevents the tibia, or the shin bone from sliding forward and rotating the femur, or thigh bone.  It is a very crucial ligament for the stability of the knee joint. A sudden change in direction is the most common cause of a torn ACL. Immediately after the ACL is torn, the knee will swell, and the athlete will feel a sharp pain in their knee. Most likely when the injury occurs, the athlete will hear a sudden "pop" as the ACL tears.

http://www.creativerehab.net/images/ACL%20Anatomy.jpg